Canine cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) injuries are a commonly occurring condition among dogs, which can cause them to experience discomfort, reduced mobility, and lameness. Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) surgery is a highly effective surgical treatment available for this condition. TPLO surgery aims to stabilise the knee joint and restore function, enabling your doggo friend to return to an active, pain-free lifestyle. However, the success of TPLO surgery greatly depends on the efforts of prehabilitation (prehab) and rehabilitation (rehab). In this blog, we will delve into what TPLO surgery entails and explore the prehab and rehab options to ensure a smooth and successful recovery journey for your beloved doggo companion.

TPLO surgery is a surgical procedure that aims to restore stability and function to the knee joint of dogs with CCL injuries. The surgery involves reshaping the tibial plateau, which helps the joint regain balance and stability. This surgery provides a new hope for dogs struggling with pain, discomfort, and mobility issues.

Before the surgery, the dog undergoes a careful assessment to determine the best surgical approach. The surgery is performed under anaesthesia, and the surgeon makes an incision to reach the knee joint. The surgeon then carefully reshapes the tibial plateau, using specialised implants to ensure stability and protect the joint.

After the surgery, the dog requires rehabilitation to regain mobility and strength. The veterinary team will design a rehabilitation program tailored to the dog's unique needs, which may include exercises, manual therapy, and other modalities. Postoperative challenges such as infection, implant failure, and delayed healing may occur, but the veterinary team is always ready to address these challenges and guide the dog towards recovery.

Prehabilitation

Prehabilitation, also known as prehab, plays a crucial role in optimising your dog's physical condition and mental readiness before undergoing Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. By implementing a comprehensive prehabilitation program, you can enhance your dog's overall well-being, improve surgical outcomes, and facilitate a smoother recovery process. 

Consultation with a Veterinary Professional
   - Schedule a consultation with your veterinarian or a certified veterinary surgeon to discuss your dog's condition, treatment options, and prehabilitation plan.
​ - Seek guidance on preoperative requirements, including diagnostic tests, blood work, and any necessary medications or supplements.

Weight Management
- Evaluate your dog's body condition score and work with your veterinarian to establish a target weight range.
- Implement a tailored diet plan to achieve gradual weight loss if necessary, focusing on portion control, high-quality nutrition, and regular exercise.
- Monitor your dog's weight regularly and adjust the diet plan as needed to maintain progress towards the target weight.

Muscle Strengthening
- Incorporate targeted exercises to strengthen the muscles surrounding the affected knee joint, including the quadriceps, hamstrings, and hip abductors.
- Engage in low-impact activities such as leash walks, controlled stair climbing, and swimming to promote muscle development and joint stability.
- Consult with a certified canine rehabilitation therapist for personalized exercise recommendations and guidance on proper technique.

Joint Supplements
- Discuss the use of joint supplements with your veterinarian to support your dog's joint health and mobility.
- Consider incorporating supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants into your dog's daily regimen.
- Choose high-quality supplements specifically formulated for canine use and follow the recommended dosage instructions provided by the manufacturer.

Mental Preparation
- Introduce your dog to handling procedures, such as gentle manipulation of the affected leg, to familiarise them with prehabilitation exercises and minimise stress on the day of surgery.
- Utilise positive reinforcement training techniques to create a positive association with prehabilitation activities and promote cooperation and relaxation.
- Provide environmental enrichment, interactive toys, and mental stimulation to engage your dog and reduce anxiety during prehabilitation.

Environmental Modification
- Create a safe and comfortable environment for your dog to rest and recuperate before surgery.
- Minimise environmental stressors, such as loud noises or unfamiliar visitors, to promote relaxation and reduce anxiety.
- Ensure easy access to food, water, and a comfortable resting area to support your dog's physical and emotional well-being.

Veterinary Follow-Up
- Schedule regular follow-up appointments with your veterinarian to monitor your dog's progress and adjust the prehabilitation plan as needed.
- Immediately communicate any changes in your dog's condition, behaviour, or response to prehabilitation activities to your veterinary team.
- Collaborate closely with your veterinarian and veterinary surgeon to ensure your dog receives comprehensive care and support throughout the prehabilitation process.

By following this prehabilitation guide and working closely with your veterinary team, you can empower your canine companion to face TPLO surgery with confidence and resilience. By optimising your dog's physical condition, mental well-being, and overall readiness for surgery, you can enhance the likelihood of a successful outcome and promote a smoother recovery journey.

Rehabilitation

Rehabilitation following Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) surgery is essential for promoting healing, restoring mobility, and ensuring the long-term success of the procedure. By implementing a structured rehabilitation program, you can support your dog's recovery journey, minimise complications, and optimise their return to an active, pain-free lifestyle.

Consultation with a Certified Canine Rehabilitation Therapist
- Schedule a consultation with a certified canine rehabilitation therapist (CCRT) or a veterinary professional experienced in postoperative care.
- Discuss your dog's surgical procedure, postoperative restrictions, and rehabilitation goals to develop a tailored rehabilitation plan.

Pain Management
- Administer prescribed pain medications as directed by your veterinarian to manage postoperative discomfort and inflammation.
- Monitor your dog's pain levels closely and communicate any changes or concerns to your veterinary team promptly.
- Explore additional pain management modalities, such as cold therapy, laser therapy, or acupuncture, under the guidance of a qualified professional.

Controlled Exercise
- Begin a structured exercise program focusing on controlled movement, muscle strengthening, and joint flexibility.
- Gradually increase the duration and intensity of exercise sessions while monitoring your dog's response and adjusting the program as needed.
- Incorporate low-impact activities such as leash walking, hydrotherapy, and therapeutic exercises to promote joint mobility and muscle recovery.

Rehabilitation Exercises
- Engage in targeted rehabilitation exercises designed to improve proprioception, balance, and joint stability.
- Include exercises such as sit-to-stand transitions, weight shifting, balance exercises on unstable surfaces, and gentle range of motion exercises.
- Work closely with your rehabilitation therapist to ensure proper technique and progression of exercises based on your dog's individual needs and capabilities.

Joint Protection
- Implement strategies to protect the surgical site and minimize stress on the affected limb during the rehabilitation process.
- Use supportive devices such as orthopaedic braces, bandages, or protective boots as recommended by your veterinary team.
- Avoid activities that place excessive strain on the surgical site, such as running, jumping, or rough play, until cleared by your veterinarian.

Nutritional Support
- Provide a balanced diet rich in high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals to support your dog's recovery and tissue healing.
- Consider incorporating joint supplements such as glucosamine, chondroitin, omega-3 fatty acids, and antioxidants to promote joint health and reduce inflammation.
- Consult with your veterinarian to ensure that your dog's nutritional needs are met during the rehabilitation period.

Monitoring and Progress Evaluation
- Monitor your dog's progress closely, noting improvements in mobility, muscle strength, and comfort levels.
- Attend follow-up appointments with your veterinary team to assess your dog's healing progress, address any concerns, and adjust the rehabilitation plan as needed.
- Keep a journal or log of your dog's rehabilitation activities, pain levels, and milestones achieved to track progress and inform future decisions.

Patience and Support
- Be patient and supportive as your dog navigates the challenges of rehabilitation and recovery.
- Offer encouragement, praise, and rewards for participating in rehabilitation exercises and maintaining a positive attitude.
- Provide a calm and nurturing environment free from stressors to promote relaxation and well-being during the recovery process.

By following this rehabilitation guide and working closely with your veterinary and rehabilitation team, you can facilitate a successful recovery for your doggo companion following TPLO surgery. With dedication, patience, and proper support, you can help your dog regain mobility, strength, and vitality, paving the way for a happy and active life post-surgery.

TPLO surgery offers a promising solution for canine CCL injuries, but successful outcomes depend on diligent prehabilitation and rehabilitation efforts. You can optimise their recovery and enhance their quality of life by implementing appropriate prehab strategies to prepare your dog for surgery and following a structured rehab program postoperatively. Consult with your veterinarian or a certified canine rehabilitation therapist to develop a customised prehab and rehab plan tailored to your dog's individual needs. With proper care and support, your doggo friend can return from TPLO surgery and enjoy an active, pain-free lifestyle again.

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Canine knee injuries are a common concern among dog owners, affecting various breeds and sizes. These injuries can significantly impact a dog's mobility, comfort, and quality of life. Understanding the different types of knee injuries and the pathways for rehabilitation is crucial for ensuring the best possible outcomes for our doggo companions.

Types of Canine Knee Injuries

Cruciate Ligament Tears
The cruciate ligaments, namely the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL), are vital for stabilising the knee joint in dogs. Tears or ruptures in the CCL are among the most common knee injuries in canines, often resulting from sudden trauma or degenerative changes. Dogs with cruciate ligament tears typically exhibit lameness, swelling, and difficulty bearing weight on the affected limb.

Patellar Luxation
Patellar luxation involves the dislocation of the kneecap (patella) from its normal position within the groove of the femur. This condition can be congenital or acquired and may vary in severity from intermittent to permanent dislocation. Symptoms include intermittent limping, skipping, or "locking" of the knee joint.

Meniscal Injuries
The menisci are cartilage structures within the knee joint that provide cushioning and stability. Injuries to the menisci commonly accompany cruciate ligament tears but can also occur independently. Dogs with meniscal injuries may exhibit lameness, joint swelling, and pain, particularly during movement.


Rehabilitation Pathways

Conservative Management
Conservative management is an approach to treating canine knee injuries without resorting to surgical intervention. This method is often considered in cases where surgery may not be feasible or necessary, such as in older dogs, those with concurrent health issues that increase surgical risks, or in instances where the injury is mild to moderate. 

Here's a more in depth exploration of conservative management strategies for canine knee injuries.

1. Rest and Activity Modification
2. Rest is essential during the initial stages of conservative management to allow the injured knee to heal and reduce inflammation.
3. Limiting strenuous activities, such as running, jumping, or rough play, can prevent further strain on the knee joint and promote healing.
4. Controlled leash walking may be encouraged to maintain mobility while minimising stress on the injured limb.

Weight Management
Maintaining a healthy body weight is crucial for dogs with knee injuries, as excess weight can exacerbate strain on the joint and impede healing. A balanced diet, portion control, and appropriate exercise regimens tailored to the dog's needs can help achieve and maintain a healthy body weight.

Pain Management
Pain relief is an integral component of conservative management and may involve the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) prescribed by a veterinarian to alleviate discomfort and reduce inflammation. Other pain management modalities, such as joint supplements (e.g., glucosamine and chondroitin), nutraceuticals, or alternative therapies like acupuncture, may also be considered to enhance pain relief and support joint health.

Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
Physiotherapy modalities can play a significant role in conservative management by promoting healing, reducing pain, and improving joint function. Common physiotherapy techniques include:

1. Passive range of motion exercises: Gentle manipulation of the affected joint to maintain flexibility and prevent stiffness.
2. Therapeutic exercises: Tailored exercise regimens to strengthen muscles surrounding the knee joint and improve stability and mobility.
3. Hydrotherapy: Controlled swimming or underwater treadmill exercises to facilitate low-impact conditioning and promote muscle strength without placing excessive stress on the joints.
4. Massage therapy: Hands-on manipulation of soft tissues to reduce muscle tension, improve circulation, and enhance relaxation.

Orthopaedic Supports
Orthopaedic devices, such as knee braces or supportive wraps, may be recommended in some cases to provide additional stability and support to the injured knee joint. These supports can help alleviate discomfort, reduce inflammation, and improve proprioception while the knee heals.

Regular Monitoring and Follow-Up
Close monitoring of the dog's progress is essential during conservative management, with regular follow-up appointments scheduled to assess response to treatment and make any necessary adjustments to the management plan. Radiographic imaging or other diagnostic tests may be repeated periodically to evaluate healing and monitor for any changes in the condition of the knee joint.

Conservative management can be an effective approach for managing certain canine knee injuries, particularly in cases where surgery may not be indicated or desired. However, it's important to work closely with a veterinarian and rehabilitation expert  to develop a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to the individual dog's needs and condition. With proper care, many dogs can experience significant improvement in their mobility and quality of life through conservative management strategies.

​Surgical Intervention

Surgical intervention is often recommended for severe or progressive knee injuries, especially cruciate ligament tears and advanced cases of patellar luxation. Common surgical procedures include:

1. Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO)
2. Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair (CCLR)
3. Patellar Realignment Procedures

These surgeries aim to stabilise the knee joint, restore normal biomechanics, and alleviate pain, thus improving the dog's overall function and quality of life.

Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO)
TPLO is a surgical procedure primarily used to address cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) tears, which are one of the most common knee injuries in dogs. During TPLO, the veterinarian makes an incision over the knee joint and cuts the top portion of the tibia (shinbone). The angle of the tibial plateau is then altered and stabilised using specialised plates and screws, effectively changing the biomechanics of the knee joint. By altering the angle of the tibial plateau, TPLO reduces the need for the cranial cruciate ligament, providing stability to the knee joint during weight-bearing activities. TPLO is known for promoting faster and more reliable healing compared to some other surgical techniques.

Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair (CCLR)
CCLR involves repairing or replacing the torn cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) to restore stability to the knee joint. There are several techniques used for CCLR, including:

1. Extracapsular suture stabilisation: This involves placing sutures outside the joint to stabilise the knee.
2. Tightrope technique: This technique utilises a specialised implant to mimic the function of the torn ligament.
3. Lateral suture technique: Similar to extracapsular suture stabilisation, this technique involves placing a strong suture outside the joint to stabilise the knee.

The choice of technique may depend on factors such as the size of the dog, the severity of the injury, and the surgeon's preference. CCLR aims to restore normal knee function by providing stability to the joint and preventing abnormal movement that can lead to further damage.

Patellar Realignment Procedures
Patellar luxation, where the kneecap (patella) dislocates from its normal position, may require surgical intervention if conservative measures fail to provide relief. Surgical procedures for patellar luxation aim to realign the patella and correct any underlying anatomical abnormalities contributing to the dislocation. Common procedures include:

1. Trochleoplasty: Reshaping of the groove in the femur where the patella sits to better accommodate the patella.
2. TTA (Tibial Tuberosity Advancement): This procedure may be used in cases of patellar luxation associated with underlying skeletal abnormalities. It involves advancing the tibial tuberosity to improve patellar alignment and stability.
3. Lateral Imbrication: This procedure tightens the soft tissues on the outside of the knee to prevent the patella from luxating to the side.

The specific procedure chosen depends on factors such as the severity of the luxation, concurrent orthopaedic issues, and the dog's size and breed.

These surgical procedures aim to restore stability and function to the knee joint, alleviate pain, and improve the dog's overall quality of life. It's essential to discuss the available surgical options with a veterinarian or veterinary surgeon to determine the most suitable approach based on the individual needs of the dog. Additionally, post-operative rehabilitation is crucial for optimising recovery and maximising the success of the surgical intervention.

Post-Surgical Rehabilitation

Post-operative rehabilitation plays a vital role in the recovery process following surgical intervention for canine knee injuries. Below is and extended and detailed exploration of rehabilitation strategies and modalities.

Controlled Exercise Regimens
Controlled exercise is crucial during the rehabilitation period to promote healing, rebuild strength, and restore normal joint function. Initially, exercise should be limited to short, leash-controlled walks to prevent excessive strain on the surgical site. As the dog progresses, the veterinarian or rehabilitation specialist may recommend gradually increasing the duration and intensity of exercise, incorporating activities such as controlled leash walking, gentle jogging, and low-impact exercises. It's essential to avoid activities that may put undue stress on the knee joint, such as jumping, running on slippery surfaces, or rough play, especially during the early stages of rehabilitation.

Joint Mobilisation and Range of Motion Exercises
Joint mobilisation techniques, including passive range of motion exercises, help maintain or improve joint flexibility and prevent stiffness. These exercises may involve gently moving the affected joint through its full range of motion, guided by a trained rehabilitation therapist. Range of motion exercises should be performed regularly but carefully to avoid overstretching or causing discomfort to the dog.

Therapeutic Modalities
Various therapeutic modalities can aid in pain management, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue healing. Common modalities include:

1. Therapeutic ultrasound: Uses high-frequency sound waves to penetrate tissues, promoting circulation, and accelerating the healing process.
2. Laser therapy: Utilises low-level laser light to stimulate cellular activity, reduce pain, and enhance tissue repair.
3. Electrical stimulation: Applies electrical currents to targeted muscles or nerves to alleviate pain, reduce muscle atrophy, and improve muscle function.
4. Cold therapy (cryotherapy) and heat therapy: Alternating cold and heat applications can help manage pain, reduce swelling, and improve circulation in the affected area.

Balance and Proprioception Training
Balance and proprioception exercises focus on improving the dog's awareness of limb placement and joint position, thereby enhancing stability and coordination. These exercises may include standing on unstable surfaces (e.g., balance pads or balance balls), walking over obstacles of varying heights, and performing controlled weight-shifting movements. Balance and proprioception training help retrain the neuromuscular system, reducing the risk of re-injury and improving overall functional performance.

Hydrotherapy

Hydrotherapy, which involves controlled exercises performed in water, plays a crucial role in the rehabilitation process for dogs recovering from knee injuries. Here's why hydrotherapy is considered an essential component of canine knee injury rehabilitation.

Low-Impact Exercise
Hydrotherapy provides a low-impact environment for dogs to exercise, allowing them to engage in physical activity without placing excessive stress on the injured knee joint. The buoyancy of water supports the dog's body weight, reducing the strain on the joints while still allowing for effective conditioning and muscle strengthening.

Improved Range of Motion
The resistance and buoyancy of water create a dynamic environment that promotes increased joint mobility and range of motion. Performing exercises in water allows dogs to move their joints through a greater range of motion than they might be able to achieve on land, facilitating joint flexibility and reducing stiffness.

Muscle Strengthening
Hydrotherapy exercises target and strengthen the muscles surrounding the knee joint, helping to stabilise the joint and prevent further injury. Resistance provided by the water encourages muscle engagement and development, promoting overall strength and endurance. 

Pain Relief and Reduced Inflammation
The hydrostatic pressure of water can help reduce swelling and inflammation in the injured knee joint, providing natural pain relief. Immersion in warm water can also have a soothing effect on sore muscles and joints, promoting relaxation and alleviating discomfort.

Cardiovascular Fitness
Hydrotherapy sessions can be designed to incorporate aerobic exercises, such as swimming or walking on an underwater treadmill, to improve cardiovascular fitness. Aerobic conditioning helps increase stamina and endurance, enhancing the dog's overall fitness level and promoting weight management.

Enhanced Proprioception and Balance
Hydrotherapy exercises challenge the dog's proprioceptive abilities, or their sense of body awareness and position in space. Performing exercises in water requires dogs to adjust their movements to maintain balance and stability, thereby improving proprioception and coordination.

Safe and Controlled Environment
Hydrotherapy sessions are typically conducted under the supervision of trained professionals, ensuring that exercises are performed safely and effectively. Water depth, temperature, and resistance can be adjusted to meet the specific needs and abilities of each dog, making hydrotherapy suitable for dogs of all ages and fitness levels.

Positive Reinforcement and Enjoyment
Many dogs enjoy water-based activities, making hydrotherapy sessions a positive and enjoyable experience for them. The positive reinforcement associated with hydrotherapy can motivate dogs to actively participate in their rehabilitation program, leading to better compliance and outcomes.

Nutrition and Monitoring

Nutritional Support and Weight Management
Proper nutrition and weight management are essential components of rehabilitation, especially for overweight or obese dogs. Maintaining a healthy body weight reduces stress on the joints and facilitates recovery from surgery. A balanced diet rich in high-quality protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals supports tissue repair and muscle strength.

Regular Monitoring and Adjustments
Throughout the rehabilitation process, close monitoring by a veterinarian or certified rehabilitation therapist is essential. Progress should be assessed regularly, and the rehabilitation plan may need to be adjusted based on the dog's response to treatment, changes in condition, or any emerging issues. Open communication between the pet owner and the rehabilitation team is crucial to ensure the best possible outcomes for the dog's recovery.

By incorporating these rehabilitation strategies and modalities into the post-operative care plan, pet owners can help their dogs recover from knee injuries more effectively, regain mobility, and improve their overall quality of life. It's important to work closely with veterinary and rehabilitation professionals to develop a tailored rehabilitation program that addresses the specific needs and capabilities of the individual dog.

Canine knee injuries can significantly impact a dog's mobility and quality of life. Understanding the different types of knee injuries and the available pathways for rehabilitation is essential for effectively managing these conditions. Whether through conservative management or surgical intervention, coupled with appropriate rehabilitation protocols, we can help our furry friends regain function and live happier, more comfortable lives.

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Hey everybody! If you're interested in veterinary medicine or canine bone health, you've come to the right place. In this blog post, we'll be looking into the subject of canine bone healing and discussing some of the time frames that are relevant to it.
As a canine physiotherapist,  I’ve had the privilege of helping doggos (and their owners) navigate their way through fracture management and it really all comes down to some set time frames that we must be aware of when progressing through the rehabilitation process. 
Let's take a closer look at the subtle process of bone healing and why these time frames are important in the rehabilitation process. 

 As a physiotherapist, I understand the significance of recognising and addressing postural adaptations, especially in our canine amputees. There are several reasons for postural adaptations, such as injury or trauma, muscle weakness and imbalance, and to alleviate pain and discomfort, to name a few. These adaptations can significantly affect a dog's overall function and well-being. Dogs cannot express their pain or discomfort in words, making it a challenge to diagnose and treat their specific needs. In this blog post, we will specifically discuss the various postural adaptations that occur in dogs following front-limb and hind-limb amputations. We will also explore how the field of physiotherapy can play an indispensable role in their road to recovery.

Postural Adaptations in Front Limb Amputees:
Losing a limb is a significant change for any dog. However, dogs usually adapt quickly after removing a limb, especially younger ones. But younger dogs have to spend the rest of their lives adjusting and potentially overusing their remaining limbs to compensate. On the other hand, older dogs may not adapt as fast, but they have a shorter period to adjust their posture and experience less load through the remaining limbs. In cases of front limb amputation, dogs tend to shift 14% of their weight into the remaining front leg and 17% into their hind end (Jarvis et al 2013.) This adaptation can lead to an increased strain on the remaining carpus joint (equivalent to the wrist joint,) which can flatten out and become extended over time. This condition is called carpal hyperextension.

Elbow dysplasia is a common orthopaedic condition that affects dogs, particularly large and giant breeds. It refers to a group of developmental abnormalities that occur in the elbow joint, leading to pain, lameness, and reduced mobility. In this blog post, we will explore the different types of canine elbow dysplasia, their symptoms, and the available treatment options.

1. Ununited Anconeal Process (UAP): UAP is the most common type of elbow dysplasia in dogs. It occurs when the anconeal process, a small bony projection in the elbow joint, fails to fuse properly with the ulna bone. Symptoms of UAP include lameness, swelling, and pain in the affected limb. Surgical intervention, such as fragment removal or joint stabilisation, is often required to alleviate discomfort and prevent further joint degeneration.
2. Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process (FCP): FCP is another type of elbow dysplasia that affects dogs, especially those in the early stages of life. It involves the fragmentation of the medial coronoid process, a small bony structure located in the elbow joint. Dogs with FCP may experience intermittent or persistent lameness, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Surgical treatment, including fragment removal or joint realignment, is typically recommended to manage FCP and prevent long-term joint damage.
3. Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD): OCD is a developmental condition that affects the cartilage and underlying bone in the joints, including the elbow. It occurs when there is an abnormal separation of the cartilage from the underlying bone. Symptoms of OCD in the elbow joint include pain, swelling, and intermittent lameness. Depending on the severity of the condition, treatment options may include surgical removal of the affected cartilage and bone, or conservative management through medication and controlled exercise.
4. Incongruity of the Elbow Joint: Incongruity of the elbow joint refers to a mismatch between the surfaces of the humerus, radius, and ulna bones that form the elbow joint. This can lead to abnormal wear and tear, resulting in joint instability and pain. Dogs with this type of elbow dysplasia may exhibit lameness, swelling, and difficulty in performing physical activities. Treatment often involves surgical procedures aimed at realigning the joint surfaces and restoring stability.
5. Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD): DJD is a progressive condition that occurs as a consequence of long-term elbow dysplasia. Over time, the abnormal joint structure and mechanics lead to cartilage erosion, inflammation, and the formation of bone spurs. Dogs with DJD may experience chronic pain, stiffness, and difficulty in moving. Treatment focuses on managing pain and inflammation through a combination of medications, physiotherapy, weight management, and, in severe cases, surgical intervention.

​
Canine elbow dysplasia encompasses various conditions that can affect a dog's elbow joint, causing pain and reduced mobility. Early detection, accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are crucial for improving the quality of life for affected dogs. With the right approach, many dogs can lead happy, active lives. ​

Patella luxation, also, is a common orthopaedic condition in dogs. In fact out of all the doggos I see, the top of the list are those with MPL (medial patella luxation) or post surgery from this. 

Several risk factors can contribute to the development of patella luxation in dogs. Here are some of the main risk factors:
​1.  Breed Predisposition: Certain dog breeds are more prone to patella luxation. Small and toy breeds such as Chihuahuas, Pomeranians, Pekingese, Yorkshire Terriers, and Miniature Poodles have a higher incidence of this condition. Some larger breeds like Labrador Retrievers and Akitas can also be affected.

2. Genetic Factors: Patella luxation can have a genetic component, meaning it can be passed down from parent dogs to their offspring. Breeding dogs with a history of patella luxation increases the likelihood of the condition in their offspring.
3. Congenital Abnormalities: Dogs born with abnormal bone structure or joint development are at a higher risk of patella luxation. Factors such as shallow femoral grooves, misaligned bones, and abnormal patellar ligaments can contribute to the condition or having bowed legs. 
4. Obesity: Overweight or obese dogs are more prone to patella luxation due to the added stress on their joints. Excess weight puts strain on the patellar ligaments and can increase the likelihood of the kneecap slipping out of place.
5. Trauma: Injuries or trauma to the knee area can cause patella luxation in dogs. Traumatic incidents such as accidents, falls, or rough play can result in dislocation of the kneecap.
6.  Muscle Weakness: Weak thigh muscles or muscles around the  stifle joint can contribute to patella luxation. When the muscles are not adequately developed or are imbalanced, they may fail to provide proper support and stability to the patella.
7. Age: Patella luxation can occur at any age, but it is more commonly seen in young dogs, especially those under one year of age. In some cases, the condition may worsen as the dog ages.

​It's important to note that while these risk factors increase the likelihood of patella luxation, they do not guarantee that a dog will develop the condition. Regular veterinary check-ups, maintaining a healthy weight, and providing appropriate exercise can help reduce the risk of patella luxation in dogs. 

Canine cruciate disease, also known as cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) disease, is a common orthopaedic condition that affects dogs. The cruciate ligament is a crucial stabilising structure within the stifle (knee) joint, and when it becomes damaged or ruptured, it leads to instability and lameness.

4.     Conformation: Certain anatomical features and conformational abnormalities can                        increase  the risk of cruciate disease. Dogs with a steep tibial plateau angle, shallow knee         joint, or other structural abnormalities  such as 'upright hind limbs' or 'bowed legs' can be            more susceptible to CCL disease. 
5.   Trauma: Acute injury or trauma to the knee joint, such as jumping, landing awkwardly, or            sudden twisting motions, can cause cruciate ligament damage. Traumatic events may                 contribute to the development of cruciate disease in some cases.
6.   Hormonal factors: There is some evidence to suggest that female dogs that have not been       spayed may have an increased risk of developing cruciate disease. The exact relationship            between hormones and ligament health is not fully understood.

​It's important to note that while these factors can increase the likelihood of developing cruciate disease, it can still occur in dogs without any apparent risk factors. If you happen to suspect that your dog may have CCL disease, please take them to your friendly vet for an accurate diagnosis. 

Patella luxation is a common orthopaedic condition in dogs that occurs when the kneecap, or patella, slips out of its normal position in the groove of the femur. This can cause pain, lameness, and difficulty walking for the affected dog. Fortunately, canine physiotherapy can be a very effective treatment option for patella luxation, and can help improve the dog's mobility and quality of life.